J.D. is a 37 years old white woman who presents to her gynecologist complaining of a 2-month history of intermenstrual bleeding, menorrhagia, increased urinary frequency, mild incontinence, extreme fatigue, and weakness. Her menstrual period occurs every 28 days and lately there have been 6 days of heavy flow and cramping. She denies abdominal distension, back-ache, and constipation. She has not had her usual energy levels since before her last pregnancy.
Past Medical History (PMH):
Upon reviewing her past medical history, the gynecologist notes that her patient is a G5P5with four pregnancies within four years, the last infant having been delivered vaginally four months ago. All five pregnancies were unremarkable and without delivery complications. All infants were born healthy. Patient history also reveals a 3-year history of osteoarthritis in the left knee, probably the result of sustaining significant trauma to her knee in an MVA when she was 9 years old. When asked what OTC medications she is currently taking for her pain and for how long she has been taking them, she reveals that she started taking ibuprofen, three tablets each day, about 2.5 years ago for her left knee. Due to a slowly progressive increase in pain and a loss of adequate relief with three tablets, she doubled the daily dose of ibuprofen. Upon the recommendation from her nurse practitioner and because long-term ibuprofen use can cause peptic ulcers, she began taking OTC omeprazole on a regular basis to prevent gastrointestinal bleeding. Patient history also reveals a 3-year history of HTN for which she is now being treated with a diuretic and a centrally acting antihypertensive drug. She has had no previous surgeries.
Case Study Questions
- Name the contributing factors on J.D that might put her at risk to develop iron deficiency anemia.
- Within the case study, describe the reasons why J.D. might be presenting constipation and or dehydration.
- Why Vitamin B12 and folic acid are important on the erythropoiesis? What abnormalities their deficiency might cause on the red blood cells?
- The gynecologist is suspecting that J.D. might be experiencing iron deficiency anemia.
In order to support the diagnosis, list and describe the clinical symptoms that J.D. might have positive for Iron deficiency anemia. - If the patient is diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia, what do you expect to find as signs of this type of anemia? List and describe.
- Labs results came back for the patient. Hb 10.2 g/dL; Hct 30.8%; Ferritin 9 ng/dL; red blood cells are smaller and paler in color than normal. Research list and describe for appropriate recommendations and treatments for J.D.
Cardiovascular
Mr. W.G. is a 53-year-old white man who began to experience chest discomfort while playing tennis with a friend. At first, he attributed his discomfort to the heat and having had a large breakfast. Gradually, however, discomfort intensified to a crushing sensation in the sternal area and the pain seemed to spread upward into his neck and lower jaw. The nature of the pain did not seem to change with deep breathing. When Mr. G. complained of feeling nauseated and began rubbing his chest, his tennis partner was concerned that his friend was having a heart attack and called 911 on his cell phone. The patient was transported to the ED of the nearest hospital and arrived within 30 minutes of the onset of chest pain. In route to the hospital, the patient was placed on nasal cannula and an IV D5W was started. Mr. G. received aspirin (325 mg po) and 2 mg/IV morphine. He is allergic to meperidine (rash). His pain has eased slightly in the last 15 minutes but is still significant; was 9/10 in severity; now7/10. In the ED, chest pain was not relieved by 3 SL NTG tablets. He denies chills.
Case Study Questions
- For patients at risk of developing coronary artery disease and patients diagnosed with acute myocardial infarct, describe the modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors.
- What would you expect to see on Mr. W.G. EKG and which findings described on the case are compatible with the acute coronary event?
- Having only the opportunity to choose one laboratory test to confirm the acute myocardial infarct, which would be the most specific laboratory test you would choose and why?
- How do you explain that Mr. W.G temperature has increased after his Myocardial Infarct, when that can be observed and for how long? Base your answer on the pathophysiology of the event.
- Explain to Mr. W.G. why he was experiencing pain during his Myocardial Infarct. Elaborate and support your answer.
J.D. is a 37 years old white woman who presents to her gynecologist complaining of a 2-month history of intermenstrual bleeding
Submission Instructions:
- Include both case studies in your post.
- Your initial post should be at least 500 words, formatted and cited in current APA style with support from at least 2 academic sources.
Grading Rubric
Your assignment will be graded according to the grading rubric.
| Discussion Rubric | |||||
| Criteria | Ratings | Points | |||
| Identification of Main Issues, Problems, and Concepts | Distinguished – 5 points Identifies and demonstrates a sophisticated understanding of the issues, problems, and concepts. |
Excellent – 4 points Identifies and demonstrates an accomplished understanding of most issues, problems, and concepts. |
Fair – 1-3 points Identifies and demonstrates an acceptable understanding of most issues, problems, and concepts. |
Poor – 0 points Identifies and demonstrates an unacceptable understanding of most issues, problems, and concepts. Or nothing was posted. |
5 points |
| Use of Citations, Writing Mechanics, and APA Formatting Guidelines | Distinguished – 3 points Effectively uses the literature and other resources to inform their work. Exceptional use of citations and extended referencing. High level of APA precision and free of grammar and spelling errors. |
Excellent – 2 points Effectively uses the literature and other resources to inform their work. Moderate use of citations and extended referencing. Moderate level of APA precision and free of grammar and spelling errors. |
Fair – 1 point Ineffectively uses the literature and other resources to inform their work. Moderate use of citations and extended referencing. APA style and writing mechanics need more precision and attention to detail. |
Poor – 0 points Ineffectively uses the literature and other resources to inform their work. Unacceptable use of citations and extended referencing. APA style and writing mechanics need serious attention. Or nothing was posted. |
3 points |
| Response to Posts of Peers | Distinguished – 2 points Student constructively responded to two other posts and either extended, expanded, or provided a rebuttal to each. |
Fair – 1 point Student constructively responded to one other post and either extended, expanded, or provided a rebuttal. |
Poor – 0 points Student provided no response to a peer’s post.
|
2 points | |
| Total Points | 10 | ||||
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An Original Human-Crafted Assignment
**Hematopoietic Case Study:**
- **Contributing factors putting J.D. at risk for iron deficiency anemia:**
– Menorrhagia: Frequent heavy menstrual bleeding can lead to significant iron loss.
– Recent pregnancy: Pregnancies can deplete iron stores, especially if they occur in quick succession.
– Chronic NSAID use: Long-term use of ibuprofen can cause gastrointestinal bleeding, leading to iron deficiency.
– Omeprazole use: While it prevents NSAID-induced ulcers, it may reduce iron absorption, contributing to deficiency.
– Hypertension: Diuretics can increase urinary frequency and volume, potentially leading to increased loss of iron through urine.
- **Constipation and dehydration in J.D.:**
– Constipation can be a side effect of iron deficiency anemia due to decreased motility in the GI tract.
– Increased urinary frequency and mild incontinence could lead to dehydration, especially if coupled with inadequate fluid intake.
- **Importance of Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid in erythropoiesis:**
– Vitamin B12 and folic acid are essential for DNA synthesis in erythropoiesis.
– Deficiency in either can lead to megaloblastic anemia, characterized by large, immature red blood cells with decreased functionality.
- **Clinical symptoms of iron deficiency anemia:**
– Fatigue
– Weakness
– Paleness
– Shortness of breath
– Dizziness or lightheadedness
– Cold hands and feet
– Brittle nails
– Headaches
- **Signs of iron deficiency anemia:**
– Pallor of the skin and mucous membranes
– Spoon-shaped nails (koilonychia)
– Angular cheilitis
– Conjunctival pallor
– Glossitis (inflammation of the tongue)
- **Treatment recommendations for J.D.:**
– Iron supplementation: Oral iron supplements such as ferrous sulfate or ferrous gluconate.
– Increase dietary intake of iron-rich foods: Red meat, poultry, fish, beans, lentils, iron-fortified cereals.
– Address underlying causes: Consider discontinuing NSAIDs if possible, managing menstrual bleeding, and optimizing hypertension treatment.
**Cardiovascular Case Study:**
- **Modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) and acute myocardial infarction (MI):**
– Non-modifiable: Age, gender, family history, genetics.
– Modifiable: Hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking, diabetes, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, stress.
- **Expected EKG findings and compatibility with acute coronary event:**
– EKG may show ST-segment elevation or depression, T-wave inversion, or pathological Q-waves, indicative of myocardial ischemia or infarction.
– The description of crushing chest pain radiating to the neck and jaw suggests coronary artery involvement, supporting the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS).
- **Most specific laboratory test for confirming MI:**
– Cardiac Troponin: Elevated levels of cardiac troponin indicate myocardial damage, making it the gold standard for diagnosing MI.
- **Explanation for increased temperature after MI:**
– Fever after MI is often due to the inflammatory response triggered by myocardial necrosis.
– It typically occurs within the first few days post-MI and resolves spontaneously as inflammation subsides.
- **Explanation of pain during MI to Mr. W.G.:**
– Myocardial ischemia occurs when blood flow to the heart muscle is compromised, usually due to atherosclerosis or plaque rupture.
– The pain results from ischemia-induced myocardial hypoxia and subsequent release of inflammatory mediators and pain neurotransmitters, stimulating pain receptors in the heart (visceral pain).
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