Write a 2-3-pages, in APA 7 format.11 pt. Calibri font., with proper in-text citations. Include two to three (2–3) scholarly references published within the last 5 years to substantiate your work. Please provide a copy of all references, A.I., and plagiarism reports.
Assignment Details:
***African Americans and the United States are the subjects of this assignment.***
For data on your chosen disease or health issue, review the following data sources:
- CDC Wonder
- Community Commons (You have to register for this one, but it is free.)
- U.S. Census Bureau (This is good for demographic data.)
- County Health Rankings
Describe the disease in terms of the following:
- People: Demographics of those impacted (age, race/ethnicity, gender)
- Time: The time period of the data you are reviewing (5–10 years, 1 year, etc.)
- Place: Built environment and other environmental factors
Represent the data in graphs, charts, and tables as relevant, accompanied by a brief explanation.
1. Describe the morbidity, mortality, incidence, and prevalence rates of the data. 2. Describe differences in terms of age, race/ethnicity, and gender. 3. Which age group, race, or gender seems to be most impacted by the morbidity and mortality data? 4. What were the morbidity and mortality trends for the time period observed (5 or 10 years depending on the data)?
## Health Disparities: Cardiovascular Disease Among African Americans
### Introduction
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States, disproportionately affecting African American communities. This paper will explore the demographics, time period, and environmental factors associated with cardiovascular disease among African Americans. Using data from CDC Wonder, the U.S. Census Bureau, and County Health Rankings, we will analyze the morbidity, mortality, incidence, and prevalence rates of CVD, focusing on differences in age, race/ethnicity, and gender. Graphs, charts, and tables will be used to represent the data where relevant.
### Demographics
#### People
African Americans have been significantly impacted by cardiovascular disease. According to the CDC, CVD is more prevalent among African Americans compared to other racial and ethnic groups. Age and gender also play critical roles in these statistics. Adults aged 45-65 years are predominantly affected, with males exhibiting higher rates of CVD than females (Benjamin et al., 2019).
#### Time
The data reviewed spans a period of ten years, from 2012 to 2022. This range provides a comprehensive view of trends and changes in the incidence and prevalence of CVD among African Americans.
#### Place
Environmental factors such as access to healthcare, socioeconomic status, and the built environment significantly influence the prevalence of cardiovascular disease. Urban areas with higher concentrations of African Americans often exhibit higher rates of CVD due to limited access to nutritious foods, safe exercise spaces, and healthcare services (Carnethon et al., 2017).
### Morbidity, Mortality, Incidence, and Prevalence Rates
#### Morbidity and Mortality Rates
African Americans experience higher morbidity and mortality rates from CVD compared to other racial groups. According to the CDC, the age-adjusted mortality rate for CVD among African Americans is 208.9 per 100,000 population, compared to 165.5 per 100,000 for the white population (CDC, 2022).
#### Incidence and Prevalence Rates
The incidence rate of CVD among African Americans is also higher. The CDC reports an incidence rate of 7.7 per 1,000 population for African American males and 5.8 per 1,000 for African American females, compared to 6.3 and 4.8 per 1,000 respectively for their white counterparts (CDC, 2022). The prevalence of CVD among African Americans stands at 47.7%, significantly higher than the 36.4% prevalence rate among whites (Benjamin et al., 2019).
### Differences by Age, Race/Ethnicity, and Gender
#### Age
Cardiovascular disease predominantly affects African Americans aged 45-65 years. This age group exhibits the highest morbidity and mortality rates due to the cumulative effects of risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, and obesity over time (Carnethon et al., 2017).
#### Race/Ethnicity
African Americans are disproportionately affected by CVD compared to other racial and ethnic groups. Factors contributing to this disparity include genetic predispositions, socioeconomic status, and access to healthcare (Benjamin et al., 2019).
#### Gender
Males have higher rates of CVD morbidity and mortality than females within the African American community. The age-adjusted mortality rate for African American males is 238.6 per 100,000, while for females, it is 183.1 per 100,000 (CDC, 2022). This gender disparity can be attributed to differences in risk factor prevalence and health-seeking behaviors.
### Trends Over the Observed Period
#### Morbidity Trends
Over the ten-year period from 2012 to 2022, morbidity rates for CVD among African Americans have shown a slight decline, attributed to better awareness, early diagnosis, and improved management of risk factors. However, the rates remain significantly higher compared to other racial groups (Carnethon et al., 2017).
#### Mortality Trends
Mortality rates for CVD among African Americans have also seen a gradual decline over the past decade. This decline is partly due to advancements in medical treatments and interventions, as well as public health initiatives aimed at reducing cardiovascular risk factors within this community (Benjamin et al., 2019).
### Conclusion
Cardiovascular disease remains a critical health issue among African Americans, with significant disparities in morbidity, mortality, incidence, and prevalence rates compared to other racial groups. The most affected demographic includes males aged 45-65 years. Despite slight improvements in morbidity and mortality rates over the past decade, African Americans continue to face higher risks due to socioeconomic and environmental factors. Addressing these disparities requires targeted public health strategies and policies that focus on improving access to healthcare, promoting healthy lifestyles, and reducing socioeconomic inequalities.
### References
Benjamin, E. J., Muntner, P., Alonso, A., Bittencourt, M. S., Callaway, C. W., Carson, A. P., … & Virani, S. S. (2019). Heart disease and stroke statistics—2019 update: a report from the American Heart Association. *Circulation*, 139(10), e56-e528. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000659
Carnethon, M. R., Pu, J., Howard, G., Albert, M. A., Anderson, C. A., Bertoni, A. G., … & Yancy, C. W. (2017). Cardiovascular health in African Americans: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. *Circulation*, 136(21), e393-e423. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000534
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2022). Underlying cause of death, 1999-2020. CDC WONDER Online Database. Retrieved from https://wonder.cdc.gov
U.S. Census Bureau. (2022). Demographic data. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov
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