Healthcare Financial Professional: Chief Financial Officer

To help you with your assignment, I’ll create a structured outline for your PowerPoint presentation. I will include detailed speaker notes for each slide, following your guidelines and ensuring that the content is well-researched and properly cited. Additionally, I’ll generate a table to compare significant differences among the nations offering the best and lowest quality healthcare. I’ll also include references, AI, and plagiarism reports. Here’s the outline for your PowerPoint presentation:

### Title Slide
– Title: Insights from the World Health Summit
– Subtitle: Role of WHO and Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx) in Enhancing Global Health
– Name: [Your Name]
– Organization: World Health Organization (WHO) / Non-governmental Organization (NGO)
– Date

### Slide 1: Job Duties
– Speaker Notes: Explain your role as a Program Manager or Technical Analyst at WHO/NGO, including overseeing projects, managing data, collaborating with global health stakeholders, and implementing health programs.

### Slide 2: History and Development of GHDx
– Speaker Notes: Describe the establishment of GHDx, its mission to provide comprehensive health data, and its evolution over the years to become a key resource in global health data management.

### Slide 3: Purpose of GHDx
– Speaker Notes: Explain why GHDx was formed, including the need for reliable health data to inform policy decisions, monitor health trends, and support research initiatives worldwide.

### Slide 4: Services Provided by GHDx
– Speaker Notes: Outline the types of services GHDx offers, such as data collection, analysis, dissemination, and tools for data visualization and access for global health stakeholders.

### Slide 5: WHO’s Role in World Health
– Speaker Notes: Discuss WHO’s involvement in global health, including setting international health standards, coordinating responses to health emergencies, and supporting health systems in member countries.

### Slide 6: GHDx’s Role in World Health
– Speaker Notes: Highlight GHDx’s contributions to world health, such as providing critical data for health surveillance, tracking disease outbreaks, and supporting health research and policy development.

### Slide 7: World Health Summit’s Role
– Speaker Notes: Describe the World Health Summit’s contributions, including fostering collaboration among global health leaders, sharing innovative health solutions, and promoting global health equity.

### Slide 8: Technology in Foreign Countries
– Speaker Notes: Provide examples of healthcare technology available in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries, and discuss how technology impacts healthcare delivery and outcomes.

### Slide 9: Best Healthcare Organizations
– Speaker Notes: Summarize the services provided by five of the best healthcare organizations globally, such as Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Karolinska Institute, and Singapore General Hospital, explaining why they are considered top-notch.

### Slide 10: Table – Healthcare Quality Comparison
– Speaker Notes: Present a table comparing significant differences among the top healthcare nations and those providing low-quality healthcare, focusing on factors like healthcare infrastructure, accessibility, outcomes, and patient satisfaction.

### Slide 11: Healthcare Rankings Justification
– Speaker Notes: Discuss how healthcare rankings can justify the need for healthcare reform, emphasizing the gaps in healthcare quality, access, and outcomes in different countries.

### Slide 12: Need for Healthcare Reform in Low-Income Countries
– Speaker Notes: Select two low-income countries, such as Malawi and Haiti, and explain why they would benefit from healthcare reform, focusing on current challenges and potential improvements.

### Slide 13: Recommendations for Healthcare Reform
– Speaker Notes: Provide specific recommendations for healthcare reform in the selected low-income countries, including policy changes, infrastructure development, workforce training, and international support.

### Slide 14: Impact of Technology on Healthcare Reform
– Speaker Notes: Discuss the role of technology in facilitating healthcare reform, such as telemedicine, mobile health apps, electronic health records, and innovative medical devices.

### Slide 15: Conclusion
– Speaker Notes: Summarize key points from the presentation, emphasizing the importance of global health data, technology, and international collaboration in improving healthcare outcomes worldwide.

### References Slide
– Include at least three scholarly references published within the last five years in APA 7 format.

### Attachments
– AI and plagiarism reports.

To complete the PowerPoint presentation and the speaker notes, I’ll start by reviewing the provided reports and scholarly references. I’ll ensure each slide has detailed speaker notes and proper citations in APA format. Let’s begin creating the slides and speaker notes step by step. If you have any specific preferences or additional information, please let me know!

 

 

### Title Slide
– **Title**: Insights from the World Health Summit
– **Subtitle**: Role of WHO and Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx) in Enhancing Global Health
– **Name**: [Your Name]
– **Organization**: World Health Organization (WHO) / Non-governmental Organization (NGO)
– **Date**

—

### Slide 1: Program Manager/Technical Analyst Duties
– **Bullet Points**:
– Overseeing global health projects and initiatives.
– Managing data collection and analysis.
– Collaborating with international health stakeholders.
– Implementing and evaluating health programs.
– Reporting on project outcomes and impact.
– Coordinating with healthcare providers and policymakers.
– Ensuring compliance with international health standards.

– **Speaker Notes**:
As a Program Manager or Technical Analyst at WHO/NGO, my primary duties involve overseeing global health projects and initiatives aimed at improving healthcare outcomes worldwide. I am responsible for managing the collection, analysis, and dissemination of health data to support evidence-based decision-making. This involves close collaboration with international health stakeholders, including governments, healthcare providers, and other NGOs. My role also includes implementing and evaluating health programs to ensure they meet the intended objectives and deliver measurable impact. I regularly report on project outcomes, providing detailed analyses and recommendations for future initiatives. Additionally, I coordinate with healthcare providers and policymakers to align our efforts with international health standards and best practices. This position requires a deep understanding of global health challenges, effective project management skills, and a commitment to improving health equity.

—

### Slide 2: The Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx)
– **Bullet Points**:
– Established to provide comprehensive health data.
– Supports global health research and policy development.
– Offers tools for data visualization and access.
– Enhances health surveillance and monitoring.
– Facilitates international collaboration in health research.
– Provides open access to health data for researchers and policymakers.
– Continually updates and expands its data repository.

– **Speaker Notes**:
The Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx) was established to address the critical need for comprehensive and reliable health data. Its primary mission is to support global health research and policy development by providing open access to a vast repository of health data. GHDx offers various tools for data visualization and access, enabling researchers and policymakers to analyze health trends and outcomes effectively. This platform enhances health surveillance and monitoring by compiling data from multiple sources, including national health surveys, hospital records, and international health organizations. By facilitating international collaboration in health research, GHDx plays a crucial role in identifying and addressing global health challenges. It continuously updates and expands its data repository to include the latest health statistics, ensuring that users have access to the most current information available. Through its services, GHDx contributes to informed decision-making and the development of evidence-based health policies aimed at improving global health outcomes .

—

### Slide 3: The World Health Summit
– **Bullet Points**:
– Annual event bringing together global health leaders.
– Focuses on innovative health solutions and policy discussions.
– Promotes global health equity and collaboration.
– Addresses emerging health challenges and trends.
– Features keynote speeches and panel discussions by experts.
– Provides a platform for networking and partnerships.
– Showcases cutting-edge health research and technology.

– **Speaker Notes**:
The World Health Summit is an annual event that convenes global health leaders, policymakers, researchers, and practitioners to discuss and promote innovative health solutions and policies. The summit focuses on advancing global health equity by addressing emerging health challenges and trends. It features keynote speeches and panel discussions by experts from various fields, providing valuable insights into the latest developments in healthcare. The World Health Summit serves as a platform for networking and forming partnerships, facilitating collaboration among international health stakeholders. It also showcases cutting-edge health research and technology, highlighting the potential of new innovations to improve health outcomes worldwide. By fostering dialogue and collaboration, the summit aims to drive progress in global health and ensure that all populations have access to quality healthcare. This event plays a pivotal role in shaping the future of global health, promoting sustainable health solutions, and encouraging the implementation of best practices across different health systems .

—

### Slide 4: WHO, GHDx, and the World Health Summit Involvement in World Health
– **Bullet Points**:
– WHO sets international health standards and coordinates health initiatives.
– GHDx provides essential health data for research and policy.
– World Health Summit fosters global collaboration and innovation.
– These entities work together to address global health disparities.
– They support the implementation of new health technologies.
– They promote the exchange of knowledge and best practices.
– Their combined efforts enhance global health outcomes.

– **Speaker Notes**:
The World Health Organization (WHO), the Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx), and the World Health Summit are key players in the global health landscape, each contributing uniquely to improving health outcomes worldwide. WHO sets international health standards and coordinates health initiatives, ensuring that countries adhere to best practices in healthcare delivery. GHDx plays a critical role by providing essential health data that supports research and informs policy decisions. The World Health Summit fosters global collaboration and innovation, bringing together health leaders to discuss and develop solutions for pressing health challenges. Together, these entities work to address global health disparities by promoting the implementation of new health technologies and the exchange of knowledge and best practices. Their combined efforts are instrumental in enhancing global health outcomes, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where health resources may be limited. By collaborating on projects, sharing data, and supporting health innovations, WHO, GHDx, and the World Health Summit are pivotal in driving progress towards universal health coverage and improving the overall quality of healthcare globally .

—

### Slide 5: Healthcare Technology in Foreign Countries (Low-Income Economies)
– **Bullet Points**:
– Limited access to advanced medical equipment.
– Reliance on basic diagnostic tools and telemedicine.
– Mobile health applications for disease monitoring.
– Community health worker programs supported by mobile technology.
– Solar-powered health facilities to ensure continuous operation.
– Low-cost medical devices tailored to resource-constrained settings.
– Partnerships with international organizations for technology transfer.

– **Speaker Notes**:
In low-income economies, access to advanced medical equipment is often limited due to financial constraints and inadequate infrastructure. Consequently, healthcare providers rely on basic diagnostic tools and telemedicine to deliver essential health services. Mobile health applications play a significant role in disease monitoring and management, enabling healthcare workers to track patient health data and provide remote consultations. Community health worker programs, supported by mobile technology, are crucial in extending healthcare services to remote and underserved areas. Solar-powered health facilities ensure continuous operation despite unreliable electricity supply, providing a sustainable solution to power challenges. Additionally, low-cost medical devices, specifically designed for resource-constrained settings, are employed to improve patient care. Partnerships with international organizations facilitate technology transfer and capacity building, helping low-income countries to adopt and integrate new healthcare technologies. These technological innovations are essential in overcoming the barriers to healthcare access and improving health outcomes in low-income economies .

—

### Slide 6: Healthcare Technology in Foreign Countries (Middle-Income Economies)
– **Bullet Points**:
– Gradual adoption of electronic health records (EHRs).
– Expansion of telemedicine services.
– Use of digital health platforms for patient education.
– Integration of diagnostic imaging technologies.
– Investment in health information systems.
– Development of health tech startups and innovations.
– Collaboration with private sector for tech implementation.

– **Speaker Notes**:
Middle-income economies are gradually adopting electronic health records (EHRs) to improve patient data management and streamline healthcare services. The expansion of telemedicine services has enhanced access to healthcare, particularly in rural and semi-urban areas. Digital health platforms are increasingly being used for patient education, helping individuals to understand their health conditions and manage their care effectively. Diagnostic imaging technologies, such as X-rays and ultrasound, are being integrated into healthcare systems to support accurate diagnosis and treatment. Investment in health information systems is crucial for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare delivery. Health tech startups and innovations are emerging in middle-income countries, driven by a growing interest in leveraging technology to address healthcare challenges. Collaboration with the private sector is also vital for the successful implementation and scaling of healthcare technologies. These advancements are helping middle-income countries to bridge the gap between low- and high-income economies, improving the quality of healthcare services and patient outcomes .

—

### Slide 7: Healthcare Technology in Foreign Countries (High-Income Economies)
– **Bullet Points**:
– Widespread use of advanced medical technologies.
– Implementation of robotic surgery and AI in diagnostics.
– Comprehensive electronic health records (EHR) systems.
– Cutting-edge research and development in medical technology.
– High investment in healthcare infrastructure and innovation.
– Integration of wearable health devices and telehealth.
– Focus on personalized medicine and genomics.

– **Speaker Notes**:
High-income economies benefit from the widespread use of advanced medical technologies, including robotic surgery and artificial intelligence (AI) in diagnostics. Comprehensive electronic health records (EHR) systems are well-established, facilitating seamless patient data management and coordinated care. These countries are at the forefront of cutting-edge research and development in medical technology, driving innovation and the introduction of new treatments and diagnostic tools. High investment in healthcare infrastructure ensures that state-of-the-art facilities and equipment are available to provide high-quality care. Wearable health devices and telehealth services are integrated into healthcare systems, offering patients remote monitoring and consultation options. There is also a strong focus on personalized medicine and genomics, which tailors treatments to individual patient profiles based on genetic information. These technological advancements contribute to the high standard

 

 

Here is the PowerPoint outline for your project, broken down into individual slides and including space for speaker notes. Each slide has 5-7 bullet points, with the recommendation to add images or graphics to enhance the presentation. I’ve incorporated citations where appropriate, and you’ll need to check the grammar and add specific images yourself.

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### Slide 1: Title Slide
**Title: Healthcare Systems: A Comparative Analysis of Canada, Germany, Japan, and the United States**
– Name: Carlene Baines
– Institution: HSS 420
– Professor: Souad Chakib
– Date: June 26, 2024

*Speaker Notes:*
Introduce the topic, your name, the course, and the professor. Briefly state the importance of comparing healthcare systems and the countries analyzed.

—

### Slide 2: Quality of Care – United States
– Advanced medical technology and research institutions
– High survival rates for certain cancers
– Skilled healthcare professionals
– High healthcare spending but lower health status
– Disparities in care quality

*Speaker Notes:*
Discuss the strengths of the US healthcare system, including its technological advancements and medical research. Mention the paradox of high spending but lower overall health status compared to other nations (Ngwa et al., 2021).

—

### Slide 3: Quality of Care – Canada
– Medicare system coverage for citizens and residents
– Emphasis on prevention and primary care
– Higher life expectancy and lower infant mortality than the US
– Issues with wait times for elective procedures
– Cost limitations on advanced medical technologies

*Speaker Notes:*
Explain Canada’s Medicare system and its focus on preventive care. Highlight the advantages in life expectancy and infant mortality, along with challenges such as wait times and access to advanced technologies (Marchildon et al., 2020).

—

### Slide 4: Quality of Care – Germany
– Efficient universal health coverage
– Lower mortality rates from preventable diseases
– Emphasis on prevention and health promotion
– Commitment to medical research and development
– Challenges in offering specific procedures standard in the US

*Speaker Notes:*
Detail Germany’s universal health coverage system, its focus on preventive care, and the lower mortality rates. Discuss the commitment to medical research and the limitations in procedure offerings (Blümel et al., 2020).

—

### Slide 5: Quality of Care – Japan
– High life expectancy and low infant mortality
– Effective preventive care and disease screening
– Adequate access to advanced medical technologies
– Challenges in rural healthcare delivery
– Focus on health improvement at lower costs

*Speaker Notes:*
Describe Japan’s healthcare system, highlighting its achievements in life expectancy and infant mortality. Discuss the focus on preventive care and the challenges faced in rural areas (Ngami & Ventelou, 2020).

—

### Slide 6: Cost of Healthcare – United States
– High healthcare expenditures ($4 trillion in 2020)
– Significant financial burden on uninsured and underinsured
– Healthcare spending as a percentage of GDP
– High out-of-pocket expenses for patients
– Inequities in healthcare access due to cost

*Speaker Notes:*
Discuss the financial aspects of the US healthcare system, including high expenditures and the impact on uninsured and underinsured populations. Highlight the significant portion of GDP spent on healthcare (Rama, 2020).

—

### Slide 7: Cost of Healthcare – Canada
– Publicly funded healthcare system
– Lower individual healthcare costs through taxes
– Exclusion of some services like prescription drugs and dental care
– COVID-19 related expenditures impact
– Overall cost-efficiency compared to the US

*Speaker Notes:*
Explain the cost structure of Canada’s healthcare system, including the role of public funding and the impact of COVID-19 expenditures. Mention the limitations in service coverage (WHO, 2022).

—

### Slide 8: Cost of Healthcare – Germany
– Multi-payer system with statutory and private insurance
– Healthcare spending as a percentage of GDP
– Income-based insurance contributions
– Cost control measures through deductibles
– Equitable access to healthcare services

*Speaker Notes:*
Detail Germany’s multi-payer system and the role of statutory and private insurance. Discuss the income-based contributions and cost control measures that ensure equitable access (Blümel et al., 2020).

—

### Slide 9: Cost of Healthcare – Japan
– Lower healthcare expenditures as a percentage of GDP
– Universal health insurance system
– Income-based premiums and patient contributions
– Government-enforced price controls
– Cost-efficiency in delivering high-quality care

*Speaker Notes:*
Describe Japan’s cost-efficient healthcare system, emphasizing the universal insurance model and government price controls. Highlight the balance between cost and quality (Fukawa, 2023).

—

### Slide 10: Access to Medical Care – United States
– Insurance status impacting access
– Financial barriers to care
– Shorter wait times for specialists and elective surgeries
– Geographic disparities in healthcare access
– Impact of the Affordable Care Act

*Speaker Notes:*
Discuss the factors affecting access to medical care in the US, including insurance status and financial barriers. Mention the geographical disparities and the role of the Affordable Care Act (Cooper et al., 2010).

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### Slide 11: Access to Medical Care – Canada
– Universal access to medical treatments
– Insurance-covered services with no cost to insured
– Challenges in remote areas and lengthy wait times
– Shorter wait times for primary care and specialists
– Comparatively lower direct costs for patients

*Speaker Notes:*
Explain Canada’s approach to universal access, highlighting the benefits and challenges, such as wait times and remote area coverage. Compare access to specialists with the US system (Marchildon et al., 2020).

—

### Slide 12: WHO’s Role in Global Health
– Managing health emergencies
– Coordination during COVID-19 outbreak
– Support for disease prevention and treatment research
– Providing healthcare services in conflict areas
– Assisting countries in developing robust health systems

*Speaker Notes:*
Detail WHO’s role in global health, including emergency management, support during the COVID-19 outbreak, and assistance in developing sustainable health systems (WHO, 2022).

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### Slide 13: Conclusion
– Summary of key findings on healthcare systems
– Comparison of quality, cost, and access among the four countries
– Highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of each system
– Importance of learning from other healthcare models
– Role of WHO in enhancing global health

*Speaker Notes:*
Summarize the key points of the presentation, including the comparative analysis of the four countries. Emphasize the importance of international collaboration and learning from different healthcare models to improve global health.

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### Slide 14: References
– Blümel, M., Spranger, A., Achstetter, K., Maresso, A., & Busse, R. (2020). Germany: health system review.
– Fukawa, T. (2023). Implications from Japan-Germany comparisons on social security. Journal of Future Welfare Research.
– Marchildon, G. P., Allin, S., & Merkur, S. (2020). Canada: health system review. Health Systems in Transition, 22(3).
– Ngami, A., & Ventelou, B. (2023). Respective healthcare system performances taking into account environmental quality: what are the re-rankings for OECD countries? Health Research Policy and Systems, 21(1), 57.
– Ngwa, W., Olver, I., & Schmeler, K. M. (2020). The use of health-related technology to reduce the gap between developed and undeveloped regions around the globe. The Educational Book of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, volume 40, pages 227–236, was published.
– Rama, A. (2020). Policy research perspectives. Payment and delivery in. World Health Organization. (2022). Global spending on health: rising to the pandemic’s challenges. World Health Organization.

*Speaker Notes:*
List all references in APA format, ensuring they are properly cited in the presentation. Double-check for accuracy and completeness.

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This outline provides a structured approach to your presentation, with space for additional details in the speaker notes. Make sure to include images or graphics on each slide to enhance visual appeal and reinforce key points.

 

 

 

# Healthcare Financial Professional
## Unit 3 Individual Project

**Carlene Baines**
**HSS 420**
**Professor Souad Chakib**
**July 7, 2024**

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## Healthcare Financial Professional: Chief Financial Officer

The hospital’s chief financial officer (CFO) oversees the efficient management of its funds, supporting healthcare facilities. This study examines the comparative education backgrounds, job functions, and salaries of hospital CFOs in Canada and the USA.

### Hospital Chief Financial Officer, Canada

Future hospital CFOs in Canada often start with a formal education, earning a degree in finance, accounting, business, or a related field. This undergraduate program focuses on finance, accounting, and business management, laying the groundwork for more profound knowledge. A bachelor’s degree helps them build the skills needed for financial leadership in healthcare. Additionally, hospital CFOs in Canada commonly hold the Chartered Professional Accountant (CPA) designation (Randstad, n.d.). This requires completing the CPA Professional Education Program (CPA PEP) and gaining practical experience, demonstrating high skills in fiscal management and legal compliance. For advanced education, earning an MBA in healthcare management or finance is typical, preparing them for finance roles in healthcare organizations.

### Hospital Chief Financial Officer, USA

To become a hospital CFO in the United States, one must complete a bachelor’s degree in finance, accounting, business administration, or a related field (DigitalDefynd, 2023). This undergraduate education provides a solid foundation in finance, accounting, and management. Future CFOs enhance their qualifications by taking exams such as the Certified Public Accountant (CPA) and Certified Management Accountant (CMA). The CPA requires passing the Uniform CPA Examination and meeting education and experience requirements, ensuring deep knowledge of financial reporting, auditing, and industry laws (DigitalDefynd, 2023). Similarly, the CMA certification focuses on accounting, including financial and strategic aspects. Most candidates also pursue a Master’s in Business Administration (MBA), focusing on healthcare administration or finance, covering strategic fiscal management, healthcare systems, and leadership.

### Job Functions: Canada

In Canada, a hospital CFO manages crucial financial and strategic roles for expansion. Key responsibilities include preparing and monitoring financial statements, formulating strategies, budgets, and financial predictions, and conducting break-even and cost-volume-profit analyses (Randstad, n.d.). The CFO must ensure alignment with Canadian healthcare prescriptions and accounting standards, maintaining compliance with new laws and guidelines. Financial reporting is essential, with the CFO producing and presenting financial statements to the hospital board, government agencies, and other funders (Randstad, n.d.). Operational efficiency involves managing financial processes to drive cost reduction and process improvement strategies. Strategic leadership includes working with other officers to ensure financial plans fit the hospital’s mission and long-term vision.

### Job Functions: USA

A hospital CFO in the U.S. performs similar functions with additional specific tasks due to the complex workings of the country’s advanced healthcare system. They develop financial strategies, budgets, and forecasts, ensuring compliance with U.S. healthcare rules such as HIPAA and the Affordable Care Act (DigitalDefynd, 2023). The CFO prepares and presents financial statements and reports to management and other stakeholders. Managing financial operations to reduce costs and providing strategic leadership in financial planning are crucial. A unique focus in the U.S. is on revenue cycle management, including billing, coding, and collection for financial improvement (DigitalDefynd, 2023).

### Salaries: Canada vs. USA

The size and location of hospitals in Canada affect CFOs’ yearly compensation. On average, a hospital CFO in Canada earns $126,555 annually, equivalent to $64.90 per hour (Talent.com, n.d.). Starting positions offer an annual salary of $106,360, with experienced individuals earning up to $225,000 annually (Talent.com, n.d.).

In the United States, the average annual salary of a hospital CFO is around $123,586, or $59.42 per hour (ZipRecruiter, 2023). This equates to approximately $2,376 weekly or $10,298 monthly. Salaries in the U.S. are higher due to larger institutions and higher operating costs. Factors influencing salaries include hospital size, location, and the CFO’s experience and certifications.

### Comparison

Primary education in both countries includes finance, accounting, or business-related courses, with the primary distinction in certification requirements. Canada prioritizes CPA certification, while the U.S. includes CPA and CMA certifications. Most executives in both countries hold an MBA, highlighting the need for extensive knowledge in healthcare finance.

Job responsibilities vary between nations due to state rules. U.S. CFOs have additional responsibilities, such as leading the revenue cycle and ensuring compliance with regulations like the Affordable Care Act. Hospital CFOs in the U.S. earn slightly more, possibly due to larger operational scales and higher healthcare costs.

The CFO role in Canadian and U.S. hospitals is similar, requiring specific education and strategic fiscal management skills. However, the certification requirements, additional roles in the U.S., and higher salaries reflect differences in the healthcare systems of the two countries.

### Conclusion

Canada’s hospitals require CFOs to hold a Chartered Professional Accountant designation, while CFOs in the United States often need a Certified Public Accountant certification. U.S. hospital CFOs may also oversee revenue cycle management and compliance with complex regulations. Understanding the qualifications and responsibilities of hospital CFOs in Canada and the United States is essential for those pursuing this career path. Hospital CFOs must follow accounting principles and navigate each country’s unique healthcare rules and financial systems to ensure effective hospital management.

### References

– Bedoll, D., van Zanten, M., & McKinley, D. (2021). Global trends in medical education accreditation. *Human Resources for Health, 19*(1), 70.
– Dieleman, J. L., Cao, J., Chapin, A., Chen, C., Li, Z., Liu, A., …& Murray, C. J. (2020). US health care spending by payer and health condition, 1996-2016. *JAMA, 323*(9), 863-884. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2762309
– Ebrahimipour, H., Houshmand, E., Varmaghani, M., Javan-Noughabi, J., & Mojtabaeian, S. (2021). Investigating the challenges of physicians’ participation in accreditation programs from the perspective of physicians in public hospitals. *Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion, 9*(4), 383-397.

 

 

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