Starting with the precursor substance tyrosine or tryptophan, identify and briefly describe each chemical step required to create each neurotransmitter. (serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine)
350 words, APA FORMAT
To synthesize serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine from their precursor amino acids tyrosine and tryptophan, several enzymatic steps are involved in each pathway. Here’s a brief overview of the biosynthesis process for each neurotransmitter:
### Serotonin (5-HT)
Serotonin, also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is derived from the amino acid tryptophan. The biosynthesis pathway involves several enzymatic steps:
1. **Tryptophan Hydroxylase (TH)**: Tryptophan is initially hydroxylated by the enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase, converting it to 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP). This step occurs in the cytoplasm of serotonergic neurons.
2. **Aromatic L-amino Acid Decarboxylase (AADC)**: 5-HTP is then decarboxylated by aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, resulting in the formation of serotonin (5-HT). This step takes place in the synaptic vesicles of neurons.
### Dopamine (DA)
Dopamine is synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine. The biosynthesis pathway involves the following steps:
1. **Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH)**: Tyrosine is first hydroxylated by tyrosine hydroxylase to form L-DOPA (L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine). This conversion occurs in the cytoplasm of dopaminergic neurons.
2. **Aromatic L-amino Acid Decarboxylase (AADC)**: L-DOPA is then decarboxylated by aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, resulting in the formation of dopamine (DA). Similar to serotonin, this step occurs in the synaptic vesicles.
### Norepinephrine (NE)
Norepinephrine, also known as noradrenaline, is synthesized from dopamine through further enzymatic steps:
1. **Dopamine β-Hydroxylase (DBH)**: Dopamine is hydroxylated by dopamine β-hydroxylase to form norepinephrine. This step takes place in the synaptic vesicles of noradrenergic neurons.
### Summary
– **Serotonin**: Derived from tryptophan, involves hydroxylation by tryptophan hydroxylase and decarboxylation by aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase.
– **Dopamine**: Derived from tyrosine, involves hydroxylation by tyrosine hydroxylase and decarboxylation by aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase.
– **Norepinephrine**: Derived from dopamine, involves hydroxylation by dopamine β-hydroxylase.
Each neurotransmitter synthesis pathway is tightly regulated and involves specific enzymes that catalyze these chemical transformations. These neurotransmitters play crucial roles in various physiological functions and are essential for proper neuronal communication and overall brain function.
### References
Include appropriate references in APA format to support the biochemical pathways described.
"Place your order now for a similar assignment and have exceptional work written by our team of experts, guaranteeing you "A" results."
