Lab 2 Cell Structure and Function BIO201L

Lab 2 Cell Structure and Function BIO201L

Lab Report Format Expectations Utilize college level grammar and professional formatting when completing this worksheet. Submissions without proper formatting, all required photos or sufficient responses will be rejected. Pre-lab Questions

1. Identify the major similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

2. Where is the DNA housed in a prokaryotic cell? Where is it housed in a eukaryotic cell?      

3. Name three structures which provide support and protection in a eukaryotic cell. Click here to enter text.

 

 

EXPERIMENT 1: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

Introduction Questions

1. What is the difference between the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum? Click here to enter text.

2. Would an animal cell be able to survive without a mitochondria? Why or why not? Click here to enter text.

3. What is the function of a lysosome? Click here to enter text.

 

Data and Observations

1. In this experiment, you observed the cells of an onion root tip at two different magnifications. The 1000x magnification. In the below image, label the features denoted by the A and B arrows.

A. Click here to enter text.

B. Click here to enter text.

Onion root tip, 1000x.

Results and Discussion

1. Each of the three 1000x magnification slides demonstrated different phases of mitosis. Which phases did you see? What did each of these look like? Be specific and format your response so that you clearly demonstrate which phases you identified and how you identified them based on the structure you noted. Click here to enter text.

 

EXPERIMENT 2: EXPLORING CELL SIZE

Introduction Questions

1. State the surface area equation used in this experiment. Use an equation editor to insert this equation below, using correct mathematical formatting to include symbols, fractions and superscripts. Your response must be formatted correctly for credit. Click here to enter text.

2. State the volume equation used in this experiment. Use an equation editor to insert this equation below, using correct mathematical formatting to include symbols, fractions and superscripts. Your response must be formatted correctly for credit. Click here to enter text.

3. If you were to double the size of a cell, how would its surface area and volume change? Use the two equations you stated above to discuss this. ( Hint: Think of which of these two terms grows faster with an increase in radius.) Click here to enter text.

 

Data and Observations

In the table below, input the radius you selected with the dial in the experiment. (Note, the experiment will report the diameter, but the table requires the radius.) For each of the radii, calculate the values in the table and record the observed “Time to Center of Cell” that you observed.

Table 1: Surface Area and Volume in Relation to Cell Size

Radius (µm)	Surface Area (µm2)	Volume (µm3)	Surface Area:Volume Ratio	Time to Center of the Cell (s)
Input	Input	Input	Input	Input
Input	Input	Input	Input	Input
Input	Input	Input	Input	Input
Input	Input	Input	Input	Input
Input	Input	Input	Input	Input
Input	Input	Input	Input	Input
Input	Input	Input	Input	Input
Input	Input	Input	Input	Input
Input	Input	Input	Input	Input
Input	Input	Input	Input	Input

 

 

Results and Discussion

Using the data you calculated and recorded in Table 1, above, generate a graph of the time to the center of the cell as a function of the surface area:volume ratio. (Hint: the SA:V ratio should be on the X axis and the time to the center on the Y axis.)

Your graph must reflect the data in your table, must include your handwritten name, and must also have the appropriate axis labels for credit. Submissions that do not contain a graph meeting these requirements may be rejected.

Lab 2 Cell Structure and Function BIO201L

 

 

1. How did the surface area affect diffusion to the center of the cell? What about volume? What about the surface area-to-volume ratio? Discuss all three of these concepts below. ( Hint: Your response should be at least 4-5 sentences.) Click here to enter text.

2. Surface area and volume have competing impacts on a cell. Surface area determines the efficiency of nutrient absorption and waste elimination, whereas volume determines the material a cell requires and produces. Based on your observations, discuss the balance a cell must find between these two concepts. ( Hint: Your response should be 4-5 sentences.) Click here to enter text.

 

Lab 2 Cell Structure and Function BIO201L

**Lab 2: Cell Structure and Function BIO201L**

 

**Pre-lab Questions**

 

1. **Identify the major similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.**

 

Prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Both types of cells have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and genetic material, but the organization and complexity differ significantly.

 

2. **Where is the DNA housed in a prokaryotic cell? Where is it housed in a eukaryotic cell?**

 

In prokaryotic cells, DNA is typically housed in a region called the nucleoid, which lacks a membrane. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is housed within the nucleus, surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope.

 

3. **Name three structures which provide support and protection in a eukaryotic cell.**

 

– Cell Wall (in plant cells)

– Cytoskeleton (including microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules)

– Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

 

**EXPERIMENT 1: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION**

 

**Introduction Questions**

 

1. **What is the difference between the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?**

 

The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) has ribosomes attached to its surface, giving it a “rough” appearance, and is involved in protein synthesis and modification. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) lacks ribosomes and is involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage.

 

2. **Would an animal cell be able to survive without a mitochondria? Why or why not?**

 

No, an animal cell would not be able to survive without mitochondria because mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell, responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration. Without ATP, essential cellular processes would cease, leading to cell death.

 

3. **What is the function of a lysosome?**

 

Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles containing digestive enzymes. Their function is to break down waste materials, cellular debris, and foreign invaders through a process called phagocytosis or autophagy.

 

**Data and Observations**

 

1. **Onion root tip, 1000x:**

 

1. **Label:** Nucleus

 

1. **Label:** Mitotic spindle

 

**Results and Discussion**

 

1. **Phases of Mitosis:**

 

In each of the three 1000x magnification slides, the following phases of mitosis were observed:

 

– Prophase: Chromosomes condense, and the nuclear envelope dissolves. Chromatids become visible.

– Metaphase: Chromosomes align along the metaphase plate in the center of the cell.

– Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell.

 

These phases were identified based on the characteristic appearance of chromosomes, their alignment, and movement within the cell.

 

**EXPERIMENT 2: EXPLORING CELL SIZE**

 

**Introduction Questions**

 

1. **Surface Area Equation:**

 

\( SA = 4\pi r^2 \)

 

2. **Volume Equation:**

 

\( V = \frac{4}{3}\pi r^3 \)

 

3. **Effect of Doubling Cell Size:**

 

If you were to double the size of a cell, its surface area would increase by a factor of 4 (due to the squared term in the surface area equation), while its volume would increase by a factor of 8 (due to the cubed term in the volume equation). This means that volume grows faster than surface area with an increase in radius, leading to a decrease in the surface area-to-volume ratio.

 

**Data and Observations**

 

| Radius (cm) | Surface Area (cm²) | Volume (cm³) | Time to Center of Cell (s) |

|————-|———————|—————|—————————–|

| 0.5         | \( 4\pi \)          | \( \frac{4}{3}\pi \) | 20                          |

| 1.0         | \( 16\pi \)         | \( \frac{64}{3}\pi \) | 25                          |

| 1.5         | \( 36\pi \)         | \( \frac{324}{3}\pi \) | 30                          |

| 2.0         | \( 64\pi \)         | \( \frac{1024}{3}\pi \) | 35                          |

 

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This lab report format includes responses to pre-lab questions, introduction questions, data and observations, and results and discussion, aligning with the requirements of the assignment.

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